Pattern of Maxillofacial Fractures in Severe Multiple Trauma Patients: A 7-year Prospective Study

The incidence of facial trauma is high. This study has the primary objective of documenting and cataloging maxillofacial fractures in polytrauma patients. From a total of 1229 multiple trauma cases treated at the Emergency Room of the Santo Antonio Hospital - Oporto Hospital Center, Portugal, between August 2001 and December 2007, 251 patients had facial wounds and 209 had maxillofacial fractures. Aged ranged form 13 to 86 years. The applied selective method was based on the presence of facial wound with Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥1. Men had a higher incidence of maxillofacial fractures among multiple trauma patients (86.6%) and road traffic accidents were the primary cause of injuries (69.38%). Nasoorbitoethmoid complex was the most affected region (67.46%) followed by the maxilla (57.42%). The pattern and presentation of maxillofacial fractures had been studied in many parts of the world with varying results. Severe multiple trauma patients had different patterns of maxillofacial injuries. The number of maxillofacial trauma is on the rise worldwide as well as the incidence of associated sequelae. Maxillofacial fractures on multiple trauma patients were more frequent among males and in road traffic crashes. Knowing such data is elementary. The society should have a key role in the awareness of individuals and in prevention of road traffic accidents.

É alta a incidência de traumas na face. Este estudo teve por objetivo documentar e catalogar as fraturas maxilofaciais em pacientes com politraumatismos. De um total de 1229 casos de politraumatizados tratados na Sala de Emergência do Hospital de Santo António - Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal, entre Agosto de 2001 e Dezembro de 2007, 251 pacientes tiveram ferimentos na face e 209 apresentaram fraturas maxilofaciais. As idades variaram de 13 a 86 anos. O método de seleção baseou-se na presença de ferimentos na face com Abreviated Injury Scale ≥1. Os homens apresentaram maior incidência de fraturas maxilofaciais (86,6%) entre os pacientes com múltiplos traumatismos na face e os acidentes de trânsito foram a causa principal dos traumatismos (69,38%). A região mais afetada foi o complexo naso-órbito-etmoidal (67,46%), seguido pela maxila (57,42%). O padrão e a apresentação das fraturas maxilofaciais tem sido estudado em muitas regiões do mundo com resultados variados. Pacientes com politraumatizados graves apresentaram padrões diferentes de traumatismos maxilofaciais. O número de traumatismos maxilofaciais tem aumentado à escala mundial, assim como a incidência das sequelas associadas. Entre os pacientes com traumatismos múltiplos, a maioria pertencia ao sexo masculino, assim como a causa mais frequente foram os acidentes automobilísticos. É elementar o conhecimento destes dados. A sociedade tem um papel primordial nos cuidados individuais e na prevenção dos acidentes de trânsito.

Organochlorine compound levels in fertile and infertile women from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Níveis de substâncias organocloradas em mulheres férteis e inférteis do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was quantify organochlorine compounds in women seeking for infertility treatment (n = 15) and in spontaneously pregnant ones (n = 21). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was applied regarding lifestyle, occupational and reproductive history. Blood samples were collected from both groups. RESULTS: From the pesticides studied, pp'DDE was detected in 100% of infertile women, at higher mean levels than in pregnant women (3.02 mcg/L vs. 0.88 mcg/L; p = 0.001; power of 69%), without correlation with the etiology of infertility. Levels of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were low, with positive samples in 100% in the infertile women for PCBs 138, 153, 180, while in pregnant women, they were 85.7% for congeners 138 and 153. Only PCB180 showed significance, with frequency of 71.4% (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for female infertility were: age, consumption of untreated water and of canned foods. Exposure to the most prevalent organochlorine compounds described in literature was confirmed in the study, indicating that pp'DDE may adversely influence female fertility.

OBJETIVO: O estudo teve como objetivo quantificar as substâncias organocloradas em mulheres buscando tratamento para infertilidade (n = 15) e que espontaneamente engravidaram (n = 21). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi aplicado questionário considerando estilo de vida, história ocupacional e reprodutiva. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas em ambos os grupos. RESULTADOS: Dos pesticidas, pp'DDE foi detectado em 100% das inférteis, com níveis maiores que nas grávidas (3,02 mcg/L vs. 0,88 mcg/L; p = 0,001; poder 69%), sem correlação na etiologia da infertilidade. Os níveis de detecção das bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) foram baixos, com 100% de positividade das amostras nas inférteis para os PCBs 138, 153, 180, e de 85,7% nas grávidas para os congêneres 138 e 153. Apenas PCB180 mostrou significância na frequência de 71,4% (p = 0,019). CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores de risco para infertilidade feminina foram: idade, consumo de água não tratada e alimentos enlatados. A exposição aos organoclorados mais prevalentes descritos na literatura foi confirmada no estudo, indicando que pp'DDE pode influenciar adversamente a fertilidade feminina.

[Susceptibility level of hospital-collected strains of German cockroach Blattella germanica [L.] to carbamate and organophosphorous insecticides using surface contact method in Tehran [2007-2008]]

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica [L], is a worldwide hygienic pest that is very difficult to control. Extensive usage of insecticides may develop resistance to variety of insecticides, causing failure to control. This study was designed to determine resistance of hospital-collected strains of the German cockroach to carbamate and organophosphorous insecticides. The insecticide resistance status in nine hospital- collected strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica [L.] gainst two carbamate insecticides [bendiocarb, carbaryl] and two organophosphorous insecticides [malathion, chlorpyriphos] were detected using glass jar test method. For detection of resistance in adult males the susceptibility level of each field strain was compared with standard susceptible strain based on the mortality rate obtained from exposing them to a single discriminating dose. The results of mortality test of four insecticides on adult males of susceptible strain demonstrated the discriminating doses for chlorpyriphos [6.63 mg/m2], bendiocarb [66.34 mg/m2]and carbaryl [390.11 mg/m2] respectively. The lowest and highest discriminating doses belonged to chlorpyriphos and carbaryl respectively. Among nine adult males strains two strains were resistant to bendiocarb and two strains were resistant to carbaryl. Some strains also showed a wide range of tolerance to malathion and chlorpyriphos. The study proposed the carbamate insecticides [bendiocarb and carbaryl] did not have efficacy for control of German cockroach due to development of resistance in the strains. Our results showed that the resistance to organophosphorous insecticides is developing, consequently, the usage of these insecticides is not recommended. Investigation on chlorpyriphos resistance mechanisms is suggested for the possibility of rotational usage of this compound with pyrethroid insecticides could be evaluated

Different therapeutic efficacy of pralidoxime chloride PAM-Cl on AChE against acute toxicity of methamidophos, dichlorvos and omethoate / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the treatments on the patients with acute methamidophos dichlorvos (DDV) and omethoate poisoning and provide the reliable basis for the rational treatments on these three organophosphorus pesticides poisoning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>101 patients with AOPP in 7 hospitals were divided into three groups: Group A, 59 patients with acute methamidophos poisoning, Group B, 32 patients with acute DDV/dipterex (DEP) poisoning, Group C, 10 patients with acute omethoate/dimethoate poisoning. The levels of erythrocyte AChE and the therapeutic efficacies of pralidoxime chloride (PAM-Cl) were compared among the three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The AChE activities of all the three groups were inhibited on level of (9.12 +/- 7.99) U/g Hb (group A), 7.32 +/- 4.62 U/g Hb (group B) and (12.01 +/- 9.53) U/g Hb (group C), among which no significant difference was found (P > 0.05). All the patients recovered from acute cholinergic excitation or crisis after the treatment of PAM-Cl. The erythrocyte AChE activities were obviously reactivated in group A three hours later after admission to hospital, each on level of (11.37 +/- 8.67) U/g Hb, (12.51 +/- 6.98) U/g Hb, (15.90 +/- 7.31) U/g Hb, (18.33 +/- 4.78) U/g Hb and (18.91 +/- 7.00) U/g Hb at the 12th, 24th, 48th, 72nd hour and discharge (P < 0.05), and the upgrade tendency was continuous. AChE activities in group B were also reactivated after treatment, each on level of (8.91 +/- 5.89) U/g Hb, (1.31 +/- 6.61) U/g Hb, (13.00 +/- 7.55) U/g Hb, (14.22 +/- 7.80) U/g Hb, (12.78 +/- 7.07) U/g Hb and (16.87 +/- 7.06) U/g Hb at the 3rd, 12th, 24th, 48th, 72nd hour and discharge, but the upgrade tendency turned slowly after 12 hours, the inhibited AChE activities were not reactivated in group C from the beginning to the end.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>After the treatment of PAM-Cl, the AChE activities of the patients with acute methamidophos poisoning could be continuously reactivated, the AChE activities of the patients with acute DDV/DEP poisoning could also be reactivated in 12 hours, and then keep stable, but the AChE activities of the patients with acute omethoate/dimethoate poisoning could not be reactivated. However, PAM-Cl has therapeutic efficacy against acute toxicity of all the three organophosphorus pesticides. Oximes should be vigorously used in the treatment of AOPP, including acute omethoate/dimethoate poisoning.</p>

Effects of pirimiphos-methyl (an Organophosphate Insecticide) on the Fertility of Adult male rats

Background: Organophosphate insecticides represent one of the most widely used classes of pesticides with high potential for human exposure in both rural and residential environments. Objective: In the present study; we investigated the effects of pirimiphos-methyl (0; 2-diethylamino-6-methylpirimidin-4-yl O; O-dimethyl phosphorothioate); an organophosphothioate pesticide; on male rat reproductive performances. Methods: A total of 24 adult Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each and orally treated with 0; 41.67; 62.5 or 125 mg/kg of pirimiphos-methyl for 90 days. Results: Results from the study showed a significant increase (p0.05) in feed consumption; body weight gain; relative testis and epidiydimis weights and intra-testicular cholesterol level in rats receiving the test substance at doses of 62.5 or 125mg/kg whereas a significant decrease (p0.05) in serum total protein; sperm density and motility; fertility and parturition indices and pups sex-ratio (M/ F) was recorded in animals treated with 125 mg/Kg of pirimiphos methyl. Histological findings also indicated enlargement of interstitial space; inhibition of spermatogenesis; rarefaction of Leydig cells and oedema in testes compared to control animals. Conclusion: It could then be concluded that pirimiphos-methyl (62.5 and 125mg/kg) is detrimental to the reproductive potentials of male rats

Biochemical and clinical profile after organophosphorus poisoning--a placebo-controlled trial using pralidoxime.

BACKGROUND: Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are the most common suicidal poison in developing countries and mortality continues to be high. METHODS: A study was done to see butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE) profile after OP poisoning in pralidoxime (P2AM) and placebo treated cases. Highest recommended dose of P2AM was used to study the reactivation of cholinesterase. Clinical outcomes like, correlation of BuChE and severity of poisoning, mortality and complications like Type I and II paralysis, need for ventilation and ICU stay were also studied. RESULTS: Twenty one cases of moderate and severe poisoning with OP compounds were included in the study. Mean BuChE levels came up gradually over 6-7 days, some taking up to two weeks. There was no. difference between the treatment and placebo groups. BuChE levels did not correlate with severity of poisoning nor did it correlate with Type I or II paralysis, need for ventilation, ICU stay or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with P2AM does not make any difference in BuChE reactivation or complications of moderate and severe OP poisoning. We have not been using P2AM for OP poisoning in our medical ICU with good patient outcomes.

Toxicological potential and the fate of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in laying hens

The present study was conducted to investigate the toxicological effect and the fate of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in laying hens. Chlorpyrifos and some of its degradation products have been prepared in our laboratory for the present investigation. Hens, were fed 40 ppm of chlorpyrifos in the feed for two months followed by one month recovery period. After 30 days of the experiment, both plasma and red blood cells-cholinesterase activity showed a moderate inhibition amounting to 32.4 and 17.9%, respectively. Liver and kidney functions as well as lipid profile of the treated hens were significantly increased during the experiment periods. All the blood parameters returned to the control values after one month recovery period except liver enzymes [ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase]. The residual analysis of the extracts of both eggs and different organs of laying hens revealed that, there was a considerable amount of the parent compound which amounted to: eggs [0.02 ppm], fat [0.095 ppm], liver [0.093 ppm] and muscles [0.007 ppm] at the end the experiment. Chromatographic analysis by TLC and HPLC showed the presence of four degradation products in addition to the parent compound chlorpyrifos

Contaminants in trems of pesticide residues in selected fish sources

This work aimed to assess the selected fish species with respect to their content of pesticide residues. The investigated fish included Caranx, Red mullet, crabs, clams, Sole of Qaroun Lake, Sole of Bardawil Lagoon and catfish. The results indicated the presence of 15 components of organochlorine pesticides; namely, alpha-benzene hexachloride [alpha-BHC], gamma-benzene hexachloride + beta-benzene hexachloride [gamma-BHC + beta-BHC], heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlorepoxide, gamma-chlordane, alpha-chlordane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis [P-chlorophenyl] ethylene [P, P-DDE], dieldrin, endrin, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis [P-chlorophenyl] ethane [P,P-DDD], 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis [P-chlorophenyl] ethane [P,P-DDT], endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor and endrin ketone. The concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in tissues serve as good indicators of environmental loads. The determination of organochlorine residues became necessary, since in high-polluted regions, the polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] are point of discussion. With respect to fish samples [Sole] collected from Bardawil Lagoon, the obtained results indicated that none of the identified pesticides were detected. Subsequently, it could be stated that Bardawil Lagoon is the best source of fish and is considered to be completely free from pollutants. On the contrary, Sole of Qaroun Lake contains six types of pesticides and the lowest frequently detected one was 8.49 mug/kg as heptachlor, while the highest concentration of methoxychlor was 1268.68 mug/kg in the same sample. The residual concentration of the aforementioned pesticides varied within the tested fish and Sole of Bardawil Lagoon proved to be completely free from any residual amounts of the investigated pesticides as indicated and proved by the statistical analysis through the principal component and factorial analysis

study on cholinergic insecticide poisoned cases admitted during 2002 to Menoufiya poisoning control center [MPCC]

Organophosphates and carbamates are the most frequently used insecticides worldwide. The aim of the present work is to study the problem of cholinergic insecticides among the patients admitted to MPCC, The study included 465 cases where it is clear that the cholinergic insecticides poisoned cases represented about quarter of the total number of poisoned cases admitted to MPCC during the year of 2002. The highest rate of admission was in the summer months specially June and July due to the prevalent use of pesticides during the summer season for agricultural demand. 49.6% of cases were between the ages of >18-50 years which is the age group of field working and handling of the pesticides. As regard the sex, females showed slightly higher% age [56.99%] than males [43.01%]. Patients from rural areas showed% age [66.23%] than those from urban ones [33.76%] due to conducting the study in agricultural governorate. Single subjects were [87.1%]. 60.43% of the total cases were affected indoors which may be secondary to improper storage and illegal use of insecticides. Males were more affected than females outdoors in the age group of 18-50 years due to the fact that in this age group males are exposed in farms as most of the cases were in the rural areas. As regards to the circumstances of poisoning, it was found that accidental cases had the highest% age [72.69%] which was mainly in farmers, while suicidal cases were [26.88%] which was mainly in students and females at the age group of >18-50 years. This age in the female represents the age of changeable emotional and psychological factors together with the exposure to educational, marital andsocio-economical stresses. Oral route represented the highest% age [64.5%] of cases. Females were significantly higher than males at age group of >18-50 years in taking the pesticides orally for committing suicides. As regards frequency of clinical manifestations among studied cases, it appeared that latent cases were [35.7%] of cases, the main manifestations were muscarinic [64.3%] especially constricted pupils. Patients with predominant nicotinic manifestations represented [21.9%], and [16.3%] of cases were unconscious. The severe cases were higher in children less than 7 years. It was found that cholinesterase activity is not sensitive test to measure severity of the poisoning if it is less than 10%, but it is highly specific test [98.4%] in exclusion of poisoning, if its activity is more than 50% of normal value. Analytical toxicological screening by TLC showed [8 1.93%] of cases were +ve for organophosphates, [11.82%] of cases were +ve for carbamates while [6.25%] of cases were +ve for both of them. As regards the MPCC schedule of treatment it is clear that emesis, activated charcoal and cathartics were the most common lines used in 35.7% of cases. 28.8% of cases had gastric lavage activated charcoal, cathartics and atropine. As regarding physiological antidotes, 64.3% of cases received atropine and only [1.72%] of cases were given atropine and pralidoxime, all cases received supportive treatment. As regard period of admission, the highest% age of cases [69.89%] were discharged after one day admission, [28.81%] were discharged after 2-7 days and [1.29%] after more than one week. Prognostic data showed that [96.6%] of cases were discharged with complete cure and only very low or even negligible fatality [0.4%], this may be attributed to the well organized medical facilities and the increasing experience of the medical staff in the diagnosis andtreatment of pesticide poisoning. It is clear that early ambulance to the hospital, rapid approach to diagnoses and management, are mandatory for the best outcome of the cases. it is recommended to apply laws, which limit the use of these pesticides, and their manufacture in strict circumstances, to lessen their hazards

Role of zinc in hepato- and nephrotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos. A biochemical, trace elemental and histological study

Chlorpyrifos [CPF] is one of the most potent broad-spectrum organophosphates used frequently against cockroaches and other structural pests. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos may endanger many populations with resultant toxic effects on many organs. Recent studies revealed that zinc might modulate these toxic effects. This work was carried out to ascertain the toxic effects of CPF on the rat liver and kidney. Also, the possible protective role of zinc had been evaluated. The study was conducted on 70 adult male albino rats divided into seven equal groups. Group I: negative control, group II: distilled water, group III: zinc, group IV: low dose CPF, group V: high dose CPF, group VI: zinc and low dose CPF and group VII: zinc and high dose CPF. The duration of the study was eight weeks then hepatic, renal profiles, plasma zinc, copper, MDA, SOD, GSH, GSSO were measured. Also, histological examination of liver and kidney was done. The obtained biochemical and histological results revealed hepatic and renal toxic effects induced by CPF in a dose dependent manner. Zinc supplementation resulted in a remarkable protective effect at the biochemical and histological levels. Further studies on zinc supplementation to either patients or workers exposed to CPF are recommended

Effect of chlorpyrifos on the liver and kidney of adult male albino rat and the possible protective role of zinc. A Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical study

Chlorpyrifos [CPF] is one of the most potent broad spectrum organophosphates [OP] used frequently against cockroaches and other structural pests. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos may endanger general population with resultant toxic effect on many organs. This work was carried out to ascertain the toxic effect of low and high doses of CPF on the rat liver and kidney. Moreover the possible protective role of zinc was evaluated. The study was conducted on 70 adult male albino rats divided into 7 equal groups. Group I: control group. Group II: animals received distilled water. Group III: animals received zinc sulfate. Group IV: animals received low dose of CPF. Group V: animals received high dose of CPF. Group VI: animals received zinc sulfate and low dose of CPF. Group VII: animals received zinc sulfate and high dose of CPF. The duration of the study was 8 weeks then hepatic and renal profiles, plasma zinc, Cu and oxidative stress parameters [GSH and GSSG] were measured. Liver and kidney sections were prepared for histological examination. The obtained biochemical and histological results revealed hepatic and renal toxic effects induced by CPF in a dose dependant manner. Zinc administration resulted in remarkable protective effect on biochemical and histological levels

Effect of diazinon and / or praziquantel on selected protein aspects in healthy and Schistosoma mansoni infected mice

The effect of 1/20 LD50 diazinon given orally to healthy and Schistosomiasis mansoni infected mice for 5-9 successive days and 17 weeks coupled with a therapeutic dose [2x500 mg/kg b. Wt.] of praziquantel two weeks before sacrificing. The results showed insignificant differences obtained from total proteins, albumin, globulins and albumin/globulin ratio. However, significant differences were revealed from alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 and gamma-globulins in addition to plasma ceruloplasmin. Diazinon changed the levels of alpha 2, beta 1 and gamma-globulins, while diazinon coupled with schistosomiasis affected the levels of most of the studies parameters

Biochemical changes after subchronic and chronic interaction of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Swiss albino mice with two specific compounds

The effects of diazinon [DZN] and/or praziquantel [PZQ] on the levels of plasma triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4], activities of brain acetylcholinesterase [AchE] and liver alanine aminotransferase [ALT] in addition to blood reduced glutathione [GSH] in healthy and Schistosoma mansoni [Sm] infected mice were investigated after 9 and 17 weeks of either infection or intoxication with DZN. Triiodothyronine showed significant differences among the different treatments. The group of mice treated with PZQ showed the highest levels of T3 at both time intervals. Thyroxine level showed significant differences between the two time intervals. The lowest levels of T4 were observed in the infected-PZQ grown at week 17. The maximum inhibition of brain AchE activity was noticed in DZN-PZQ treated group after 9 and 17 weeks

Protective effect of casein and/or ascorbic acid some metabolic and pathological changes induced by malathion insecticide in rats

Seventy five weanling male albino rats were divided into 5 separate groups each of 15 rats; G I was supplemented with basal diet only [control -ve]. Rats of other groups G II, III, IV and V were intoxicated by malathion in a dose of 137.5 mg/kg body weight [1/10 of non lethal effected dose] for 30 days, while casein and ascorbic acid were given either alone or in combination for 45 [G III, GIV and GV] days. Five rats from each group were sacrificed at 15, 30 and 45 days post-treatment. Serum samples and tissue specimens were subjected for biochemical analysis and histopathological studies respectively. Serum biochemical analysis revealed that malathion suppressed SChE and elevated ALT, AST und ALP activities, caused hyperglycemia and affected lipid profile by increasing triacylglycerol, cholesterol and total lipids concentrations while supplementation with casein and ascorbic acid partially reduced the former metabolic changes. Histopathological examination revealed hemorrhages, severe necrobiotic changes in the internal organs of rats treated with malathion insecticide only, moderate changes were detected in rats treated with casein or ascorbic acid and mild lesions were noticed in rats treated with a combination of casein and ascorbic acid. It was concluded that chronic toxicity incited by malathion insecticides in a rat as a laboratory model was particularly reduced on using ascorbic acid as a natural antioxidant and/or casein as a dietary protein in farm animal ration

Cytotoxicity effect of malathion and its residues in stored tiriticum aestivum grains and vicia faba seeds

The genotoxic effect of the insecticide malathion and its residues was studiedin Triticum aestivum [wheat] grains and Vicia faba [broad beans] seeds. Wheatgrains and bean seeds were treated with 8, 24, and 40 mg malathion/kg andstored for three and six months. Treatment of the grains [seeds] withmalathion caused a statistically significant decrease in the mitotic index anda significant percentage of chromosome abnormalities after storage for threeand six months. The decrease in the mitotic index indicates inhibition ofcell division. Malathion induced a number of mitotic abnormalities. Thehighest percentage reached 8.73 +/- 0.22 [P <0.01] in root-tip meristems ofVicia faba seeds after treatment of seeds with 40 mg/kg and storage for threemonths. This percentage decreased after storage of the treated seeds for sixmonths, to 3.59 +/- 1.24 [P <0.05]. The percentage of chromosomeabnormalities in the root-tip cells of treated wheat grains was significantafter storage for three and six months. Prolongation of the storage period to six months had no effect on thepercentage of the induced abnormalities. Chromosome stickiness was observedin a high percentage in the root-tip cells of the treated grains [seeds]stored for three and six months. The above-described results indicated thatthe grains [seeds] did not recover after storage for six months. Thenon-recovery of the stored grains [seeds] may be attributed to the permanenteffect of malathion and its residues. The results indicated that malathion iscytotoxic

Field studies on the susceptibility of housefly to certain insecticides in nine Egyptian governorates

Standard WHO test methods were used to determine the susceptibility of field population of housefly to four organophosphorus and two pyrethroid insecticides. Field population flies were collected from nine governorates [Giza, Fayoum, Suez, Behaira, Monoufia, Sharqia, Kafr El-Sheikh, Assiut and Aswan]. The results indicated that all tested insecticides were very effective on flies collected from Sharqia, Kafr El-Sheikh and Aswan, but there was an increased vigor tolerance among those collected from Kafr El-Sheikh for bioresmethrin and tolerance for diazinon in Aswan. In Assiut, flies exhibited a high sensitivity to diazinon, deltamethrin and bromophos, while malathion was the least effective adulticide. A resistance to malathion, diazinon, fenthion and bioresmethrin was noticed in varying degrees at all governorates. The highest average resistance ratio was recorded for malathion in Behaira [55.3 folds] and in Suez [26 folds]. Resistance was also more pronounced in Monoufia for diazinon [23.3 folds]. As for bioresmethrin, an apparent increase in the resistance ratio was detected in Suez [25 folds]. In Giza, the houseflies were resistant to fenthion [14.5 folds]. Regarding the difference between the six insecticides used, deltamethrin was the most potent one in all governorates

Acute poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides: Effect on myocardial, hepatic and pancreatic functions in humans

The aim of the present work was to study patients with cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides intoxication as regards clinical manifestations, myocardial, hepatic and pancreatic affection with their laboratory investigations. The study was carried out on fifty consecutive patients with acute intoxication by ChEII admitted to Alexandria Poison Center and critical medicine department at Alexandria Main university hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. A control group of fifteen healthy subjects were randomly chosen. They were clinically free, not exposed to ChEII and of the same age group and sex as the patients. All patients were examined as regards; history and circumstantial evidence. Clinical examination and electrocardiogram [ECG] were done to all patients on admission. Also, laboratory investigation and determination of serum cholinesterase enzyme activity, serum glucose, trypsin, AST and ALT activity were carried out